Studies regarding depth of processing, i.e., PDO effects on memory, show that levels of cognitive processing are predictable. Tasks used to study language processing include semantic judgment, phonological judgment, word recognition, word categorization, verbal fluency, speech, and achievement. CWS showed significantly shorter memory spans for phonologically dissimilar words and were less affected by the phonological qualities of, It is argued that phones and phonemes play almost no psychological role in human speech perception, production, or processing systems of memory and language, Abstract. Verbal fluency is the ability to retrieve lexical knowledge quickly and efficiently and develops during childhood and adolescence. Few studies have assessed how lexical factors associated with vocabulary growth influence spoken word recognition by preschoolers, elementary school children, and adults. The effects of word frequency in the gating and word repetition tasks were minimal, whereas the effects of age of acquisition and neighborhood density were found for all listeners. Regarding speech, two experiments tested the hypothesis that the effects of word length and phonemic similarity in the recall of young children with auditory presentation result from verbal and non-verbal output: 1 repetition in the case of word length effects , 2 input confusion in the case of phonemic effects. similarity effects. In an auditorily presented probed recall task, participants spoke highly proficient languages. Our results confirm the importance of the left inferior temporal cortex in semantics related to phonemic fluency and show that this effect is the same in first L1 and second L2. Furthermore, we show that the pre-supplementary motor area pre, the discrepancy in the deterioration of semantic and phonemic fluency. In recent years, the use of discrepancy scores, which measure the degree to which participants' performance differs on CFTs and LFTs, has been used, with a less nuanced approach than item-based methods, as a simple means of isolating the semantic component of VFTs and, the main claims of the model: temporal memory traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of temporal distance from the present, similar similarity scaling mechanisms govern retrieval from memory on many different time scales, local discrimination performance on a variety of memory tasks IS,